Back to Standards Index: National Council for the Social Studies C3 Framework

Standards Index: D2.His.14.9-12.

Find lessons and videos that align with standards

Analyze multiple and complex causes and effect of events in the past.

Image from Public Policy: Welfare Reform
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Public Policy: Welfare Reform

Students will learn how President Bill Clinton signed a welfare bill to reform a program created as part of the New Deal in 1935; and how the bill has reshaped the relationship between poor Americans and the government.
Image from The Environment and Natural Resources: Wild Horses
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The Environment and Natural Resources: Wild Horses

Students will learn about efforts in the early 1970s to enhance environmental regulation and species protections and what happens when those policies lead to conflict – in this case over the wild horse.
Image from Dr. Martin Luther King at Gee’s Bend
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Dr. Martin Luther King at Gee’s Bend

Students will learn the history of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s fight for voting rights in Gee’s Bend, Ala., a town whose status today shows both the achievements and unfinished work of King’s movement.
Image from Emergence of the AIDS Crisis
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Emergence of the AIDS Crisis

Students will learn the historical context of the AIDS crisis in the United States in the 1980s, and where it stands today.
Image from The Space Race: The Challenger Tragedy
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The Space Race: The Challenger Tragedy

Students will learn about the development of the nation’s space program, including a seminal event during Ronald Reagan’s presidency: the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger and its lasting aftermath.
Image from Conspiracy Theories: From JFK’s Assassination to Today
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Conspiracy Theories: From JFK’s Assassination to Today

Students will learn about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, including surrounding conspiracy theories, to explore the deeply ingrained American tendency to mistrust government – a characteristic of our national political culture that is as old as the Revolution.
Image from The War on Drugs: The New Face of Heroin
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The War on Drugs: The New Face of Heroin

Students will learn the origin and racial context of America’s multi-decade war on drugs, and the impact the changing demographics of heroin users have had on the debate and public policy.
Image from George C. Wallace and the Politics of Segregation
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George C. Wallace and the Politics of Segregation

Students will learn how Alabama Gov. George Wallace’s evolving positions on race reveal both the intensity of the white backlash to desegregation during the 60s and the growing political power of the black community during the 70s and early 80s.
Image from The Geography of Racism: Housing Policy
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The Geography of Racism: Housing Policy

Students will learn how racism became ingrained in the geography of American cities, and how innovative housing policies and data science are being used to counteract this.
Image from The Moral Panic Over “Superpredators”
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The Moral Panic Over “Superpredators”

Students will learn how politicians of both parties used flawed predictions about the rise of a new class of youthful offenders known as superpredators to justify a series of dramatic changes to the nation’s criminal justice system during the 1990s.
Image from How the Military Response to 9/11 Led to Two Decades of War in Afghanistan
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How the Military Response to 9/11 Led to Two Decades of War in Afghanistan

Students will learn how the U.S. military response to the 9/11 attacks led to decades of war and a chaotic ending."
Image from The Birth of the Environmental Movement: DDT and Rachel Carson
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The Birth of the Environmental Movement: DDT and Rachel Carson

Students will learn how the U.S. government came to develop environmental protection policies and what that means today as we struggle to balance the risk between pesticides and disease.
Image from The Arab-Israeli War: America’s Role
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The Arab-Israeli War: America’s Role

Students will learn about the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, why the United States remained neutral and how the violation of that neutrality by a small group of Americans played a role in Israel’s victory.
Image from The Civil Rights Movement: Black Power and Sports
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The Civil Rights Movement: Black Power and Sports

Students will learn about protests in the 1960s among black athletes including Jackie Robinson, Muhammad Ali and members of the 1968 U.S. Olympics team, and how their actions relate to modern protestors like Colin Kaepernick.
Image from Atomic Fears and the Arms Race: Nuclear Testing
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Atomic Fears and the Arms Race: Nuclear Testing

Students will learn how the nuclear arms race impacted different aspects of society – including soldiers who were exposed to radiation during early atomic testing – and how it continues to impact them today.
Image from The Korean War
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The Korean War

Students will learn how President Harry Truman’s use of presidential power during the Korean War continues to influence U.S. foreign policy and military engagements around the world today.
Image from Race, the Media and the Myth of the ‘Crack Baby’
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Race, the Media and the Myth of the ‘Crack Baby’

Students will learn how the news media contributed to a false narrative about the fate of babies born to mothers with addiction problems, what that narrative teaches us about the role of perspective and historical context, and how that false narrative continues to influence us today.
Image from The Cold War Space Race
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The Cold War Space Race

Students will learn how the United States space program was fueled by Cold War rivalry, and how the U.S. government leveraged the program’s success in its public relations battle with the Soviet Union.
Image from Second Wave Feminism, the Equal Rights Amendment and Phyllis Schlafly
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Second Wave Feminism, the Equal Rights Amendment and Phyllis Schlafly

Students will learn about the battle in the 1970s between feminists and a group led by the conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly over the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, a proposed Constitutional amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women.
Image from Cuban Missile Crisis
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Cuban Missile Crisis

Students will analyze and evaluate the actions taken by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cuban missile crisis.
Image from Campaigns and Elections: The 2000 Election
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Campaigns and Elections: The 2000 Election

Students will learn why the 2000 presidential election, a race between George W. Bush and Al Gore, was decided by the Supreme Court, and how that led to changes that continue to influence our elections today.
Image from Coronavirus: Lessons From Past Epidemics
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Coronavirus: Lessons From Past Epidemics

Students will learn lessons from history for dealing with the coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic by understanding the connections to previous global public health campaigns to eradicate smallpox and polio.
Image from The Clinton Presidency:  “Zero Tolerance”
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The Clinton Presidency: “Zero Tolerance”

Students will learn the social and political forces that led schools to adopt “zero tolerance” discipline policies in the 1980s and 1990s, and the racially unequal consequences of these policies today.
Image from Suffrage for Black Women
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Suffrage for Black Women

Students will learn how Black women have often been at the forefront of activism and advocacy relating to ballot access, voter suppression, and the right to vote.
Image from Protests For Racial Justice: A Long History
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Protests For Racial Justice: A Long History

Students will learn how current protests against police violence and racial inequality are connected to the past, and about the White House commission that released a report in the aftermath of the major urban disorders of 1967.
Image from Political Debates and the Kennedy-Nixon Debate
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Political Debates and the Kennedy-Nixon Debate

Students will learn how televised political debates have impacted modern politics, with an emphasis on the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon debate, and their importance to campaigns and elections today.
Image from The Cold War: From the Truman Doctrine to the Berlin Airlift
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The Cold War: From the Truman Doctrine to the Berlin Airlift

Students will learn how the Berlin Airlift helped protect Berlin from Soviet control, contributed to the rise of NATO and set the tone for the Cold War.
Image from Extremism, ISIS and the Doomsday Cults of the 1970s
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Extremism, ISIS and the Doomsday Cults of the 1970s

Students will learn how the wave of extreme cults that swept the U.S. in the 1970s holds surprising lessons for confronting 21st century international terrorism.